Turkmenistan  
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This page was last updated on 4 September 2008


Map of Turkmenistan



Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Eastern Turkmenistan for centuries formed part of the Persian province of Khurasan; in medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects were to be expanded. The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to develop alternative petroleum transportation routes to break Russia's pipeline monopoly. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential electoral process in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a vice premier under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president.
   Geography    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
40 00 N, 60 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Asia
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 488,100 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km
water: NEGL
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
none (landlocked)
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
subtropical desert
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 4.51%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 95.35% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
18,000 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
Definition Field Listing
60.9 cu km (1997)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Definition Field Listing
total: 24.65 cu km/yr (2%/1%/98%)
per capita: 5,104 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
NA
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
   People    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5,179,571 (July 2008 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 34.2% (male 902,811/female 868,428)
15-64 years: 61.5% (male 1,577,187/female 1,607,353)
65 years and over: 4.3% (male 97,480/female 126,312) (2008 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 22.6 years
male: 22 years
female: 23.1 years (2008 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
1.596% (2008 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
25.07 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
-3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.945 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 51.81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.01 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 47.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 68.6 years
male: 65.53 years
female: 71.82 years (2008 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.07 children born/woman (2008 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 0.1% (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
fewer than 200 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
fewer than 100 (2004 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmenistani
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.3%
female: 98.3% (1999 est.)
Education expenditures:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.9% (1991)
   Government    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
27 October 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
adopted 18 May 1992
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
based on civil law system and Islamic law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 11 February 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW elected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 89.2%, Amanyaz ATAJYKOW 3.2%, other candidates 7.6%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
two parliamentary bodies, a People's Council or Halk Maslahaty (supreme legislative body of about 2,500 delegates, some elected by popular vote and some appointed; meets at least yearly) and a National Assembly or Mejlis (50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Council - last held in April 2003 (next to be held in December 2008); National Assembly - last held 19 December 2004 (next to be held in December 2008)
election results: People's Council - percent of vote by party - DPT 100%; seats by party - DPT 2,507; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - DPT 100%; seats by party - DPT 50; note - all elected officials are members of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan and are preapproved by the president
note: in late 2003, a law was adopted reducing the powers of the National Assembly and making the People's Council the supreme legislative organ; the People's Council can now legally dissolve the National Assembly, and the president is now able to participate in the National Assembly as its supreme leader; the National Assembly can no longer adopt or amend the constitution or announce referendums or its elections; since the president is both the chairman of the People's Council and the supreme leader of the National Assembly, the 2003 law has the effect of making him the sole authority of both the executive and legislative branches of government
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries; the two most prominent opposition groups-in-exile have been National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT) and the United Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (UDPT); NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
NA
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
ADB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Meret Bairamovich ORAZOW
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Richard E. HOAGLAND
embassy: No. 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 744000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
telephone: [993] (12) 35-00-45
FAX: [993] (12) 39-26-14
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to the olive branches on the UN flag; a white crescent moon representing Islam with five white stars representing the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe
   Economy    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was the world's 10th-largest producer. Poor harvests in recent years have led to an almost 50% decline in cotton exports. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-07, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. In the past, Turkmenistan's economic statistics were state secrets. The new government has established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW has sought to improve the health and education systems, ordered unification of the country's dual currency exchange rate, begun decreasing state subsidies for gasoline, signed an agreement to build a gas line to China, and created a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. All of these moves hint that the new post-NYYAZOW government will work to create a friendlier foreign investment environment.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$26.73 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing
$26.91 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
11.6% (IMF estimate)
note: official government statistics are widely regarded as unreliable (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$5,200 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 11.5%
industry: 40.8%
services: 47.7% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.089 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 48.2%
industry: 14%
services: 37.8% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
60% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
30% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
40.8 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.4% (2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
31.6% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $1.664 billion
expenditures: $1.624 billion (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
cotton, grain; livestock
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.3% (2007 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
12.05 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7.602 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
2.918 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2005)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
196,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
156,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
40,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 bbl/day (2007)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
500 million bbl (1 January 2007 est.)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
72.3 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
14.4 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
58 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2007)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.86 trillion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$4.525 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$7.567 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Ukraine 47.7%, Iran 17.2%, Azerbaijan 5.3%, Turkey 4.6% (2006)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$4.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
UAE 14.7%, Turkey 10.5%, China 9.8%, Ukraine 8.9%, Russia 8.3%, Iran 7.2%, Germany 6.7%, US 5.7% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$28.25 million from the US (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$5.173 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$1.4 billion to $5 billion (2004 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$NA
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
Turkmen manat per US$ - 6,250 (2007) official rate
note: the commercial rate was 19,800 Turkemen manat per US$ (2007)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
495,000 (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
216,900 (2006)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: poorly developed
domestic: Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign investors, is planning to upgrade the country's telephone exchanges and install a new digital switching system; mobile-cellular useage remains limited
international: country code - 993; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2006)
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
4 (government-owned and programmed) (2004)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.tm
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
97 (2007)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
64,800 (2006)
   Transportation    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
28 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 22
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2007)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
1 (2007)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
gas 6,441 km; oil 1,361 km (2007)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 2,440 km
broad gauge: 2,440 km 1.520-m gauge (2006)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 24,000 km
paved: 19,488 km
unpaved: 4,512 km (1999)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal important inland waterways) (2006)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 7 ships (1000 GRT or over) 20,257 GRT/22,456 DWT
by type: cargo 4, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1 (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing
Turkmenbasy
   Military    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2007)
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing
18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2006)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 16-49: 1,316,698
females age 16-49: 1,331,005 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 16-49: 1,064,965
females age 16-49: 1,136,553 (2008 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males age 16-49: 57,615
females age 16-49: 55,426 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.4% (2005 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Turkmenistan Top of Page
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Definition Field Listing
refugees (country of origin): 11,173 (Tajikistan); less than 1,000 (Afghanistan) (2007)
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

This page was last updated on 4 September 2008


 

Source : The World Factbook